The Excremental Imagination takes the reader on a journey into uncharted territory, tracking the presence of faecal matter in the diverse narratives of medieval Japan. Providing close textual readings of Buddhist canonical writings, popular tales, romance narratives, and pictorial scrolls, it boldly addresses a subject which, for the most part, has been excised from intellectual life—something deemed too disgusting or infantile to merit serious academic attention. Here we encounter a highborn lady who farts in her lover’s presence, an eccentric monk who defecates in the imperial precincts, and a noted calligrapher who uses an imperial anthology of poetry to mop up his diarrhea. These stories form only a portion of the large corpus of tales that Rajyashree Pandey brings together for the first time in this book.

Pandey argues that the meanings assigned to excrement in these texts cannot be deciphered through the straightforward application of concepts such as “the grotesque body” and “carnival.” Despite their universalist claims, such terms are suffused with a Christian view of the world and thus inadequate for interpreting texts produced within the epistemic framework of Buddhism. Pandey contends that the humorous tales about shit and farts in medieval Japan constitute forms of parody, which are less about transgressing social norms and more in the nature of literary games. The body and excrement, she suggests, were neither maligned nor celebrated in medieval Japan, which was often the case in medieval Christian writings, but instead carried significations that are likely to strike us as surprising and unexpected. Excrement was used as a metaphor for the foul and evanescent nature of the body, while at the same time made to work as a positive force, as an instrument of compassion, that ensured the salvation of humans, animals, and hungry ghosts who were associated with it.

The Excremental Imagination treats shit with the seriousness it deserves without losing sight of the playful nature of the material with which it engages. It urges us to cast aside our contemporary prejudices to better understand and appreciate a place and time very different from our own.

• Rajyashree Pandey, Author

  Rajyashree Pandey is Professor Emerita in Asian Studies at the politics department of Goldsmiths, University of London, and a visiting fellow at the School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh.

• A raucously funny and surprisingly tender account of medieval Buddhist literary views of the body and its many excretions.
  —Charlotte Eubanks, Pennsylvania State University
• The Excremental Imagination is the product of extensive research and a masterful command of the materials covered.
  —Andrew Goble, University of Oregon
• Excrement abounded in medieval Japanese literature—yes, signifying disgust and played for laughs, as we might expect, but also serving to elicit compassion and even to trouble binaries of purity and impurity and attachment and enlightenment. Pandey’s nuanced readings of Buddhist, literary, and pictorial texts reveal the protean reach of that ‘pliant and malleable signifier.’ This is a must-read for anyone interested in medieval literature or the history of our relationship to excrement.
  —David L. Howell, Harvard University
• I love this book! It pushes over outdated clichés of ‘oriental spirituality,’ grabs the reader by the collar and holds them over the cesspool, where we perforce can smell the genial humor of Buddhist authors laughing at the inherently insecure nature of our body and its capacity for subversion. The book deals robustly, cheerfully, and respectfully with topics that are universal yet often shunned in western public discourse: farting, pissing, and shitting.
  —Andrew Skilton, University of Oxford