Shimaji Mokurai and the Reconception of Religion and the Secular in Modern Japan

Religion is at the heart of such ongoing political debates in Japan as the constitutionality of official government visits to Yasukuni Shrine, yet the very categories that frame these debates, namely religion and the secular, entered the Japanese language less than 150 years ago. To think of religion as a Western imposition, as something alien to Japanese reality, however, would be simplistic. As this in-depth study shows for the first time, religion and the secular were critically reconceived in Japan by Japanese who had their own interests and traditions as well as those received in their encounters with the West. It argues convincingly that by the mid-nineteenth century developments outside of Europe and North America were already part of a global process of rethinking religion.

The Buddhist priest Shimaji Mokurai (1838–1911) was the first Japanese to discuss the modern concept of religion in some depth in the early 1870s. In his person, indigenous tradition, politics, and Western influence came together to set the course the reconception of religion would take in Japan. The volume begins by tracing the history of the modern Japanese term for religion, shūkyō, and its components and exploring the significance of Shimaji’s sectarian background as a True Pure Land Buddhist. Shimaji went on to shape the early Meiji government’s religious policy and was essential in redefining the locus of Buddhism in modernity and indirectly that of Shinto, which led to its definition as nonreligious and in time to the creation of State Shinto. Finally, the work offers an extensive account of Shimaji’s intellectual dealings with the West (he was one of the first Buddhists to travel to Europe) as well as clarifying the ramifications of these encounters for Shimaji’s own thinking. Concluding chapters historicize Japanese appropriations of secularization from medieval times to the twentieth century and discuss the meaning of the reconception of religion in modern Japan.

Highly original and informed, Shimaji Mokurai and the Reconception of Religion and the Secular in Modern Japan not only emphasizes the agency of Asian actors in colonial and semicolonial situations, but also hints at the function of the concept of religion in modern society: a secularist conception of religion was the only way to ensure the survival of religion as we know it today. In this respect, the Japanese reconception of religion and the secular closely parallels similar developments in the West.

• Hans Martin Krämer, Author

  Hans Martin Krämer is professor of Japanese studies at the Center for Asian and Transcultural Studies, Heidelberg University.

• Shimaji Mokurai and the Reconception of Religion and the Secular in Modern Japan covers much more ground than its title suggests. . . . Readers wondering how other regions have grappled with ideas of the secular and the religious, to what extent the secular‐religious binary has assisted the centralization of political power, or the role of specific metaphysical or cosmological systems in determining local constructions of the binary will have much to learn from this book. I expect Shimaji will serve as a firm practical foundation for refining theoretical concerns in the critical study of religion.
  —American Academy of Religion
• That a book leaves us with questions is, of course, not a weakness but a strength, and Krämer’s text is no exception. Shimaji Mokurai is a tour de force, and it lays the groundwork for future studies that will certainly place the Japanese discourse of shūkyō in the broader context of the Japanese empire. For scholars and students working on not only modern Japanese Buddhism but also Buddhist modernity, modern East Asian history, and theories of secularization, Krämer provides an indispensable starting point and an exemplary case study.
  —Monumenta Nipponica