Cooperative Evangelist uncovers the extraordinary world of a Japanese man who was once described as the “Saint Francis” or the “Gandhi” of Japan. A renowned religious figure on the world stage, Kagawa Toyohiko (1888–1960) received wide acclaim for his work as a street preacher in the slums of Kobe as well as his espousal of nonviolent methods of social reform. His reputation as a pacifist figure, however, rested uneasily with his wartime actions, which became increasingly supportive of the Japanese government and its expansionist policies. Reluctant to speak up against Japan’s increasing aggression in the late 1930s, he emerged as a full-blown apologist during the Pacific War, appearing on several Radio Tokyo broadcasts as a propagandist defending the interests of state.

Adopting a transnational approach that accounts for the rapid flow of information between Japan and the United States, Bo Tao examines the career of Kagawa as it unfolded within the context of the war, imperialism, and economic depression of the early to mid-twentieth century. Using official documents and personal correspondence that have received scant attention in previous works, Tao reveals, for the first time at this level of detail, the extent of Kagawa’s cooperative relationship with the Japanese government, as well as the ways in which his idealized image was carefully constructed by his ardent missionary supporters.

This book provides a window into the global dimensions of broader cultural shifts during the interwar period, such as the rise of Christian internationalism and the Depression-era popularity of cooperative economics. Offering a holistic and nuanced exploration of the tensions resulting from Kagawa’s hybrid identity as a Japanese Christian, Cooperative Evangelist adds a new layer to our understanding of religion, empire, and politics in the shaping of social and international relations.

• Bo Tao, Author

  Bo Tao received a PhD in history from Yale University and currently is assistant professor at Chiba University, Japan.

• Framing the work as “a study in contradictions,” Tao presents careful documentation and analysis of the conflicts within Kagawa’s life and work. The careful use of many sources in both Japanese and English, as well as FBI records and archive materials from the Occupation period in the Gordon W. Prange Collection, provides strong evidence to support his argument about the serious tensions in Kagawa’s activities, particularly those that emerged during the difficult wartime period. Cooperative Evangelist represents a significant advance in our understanding of Kagawa and his place in both Japanese and world Christianity.
  —Mark Mullins, The University of Auckland