SPECIAL ISSUE: COSMOPOLITANISM IN WORLD HISTORY

ARTICLES

Cosmopolitanism: Its Pasts and Practices
Glenda Sluga and Julia Horne, 369
Historians are returning to cosmopolitanism as a significant historical theme. This introductory essay briefly surveys some of the latest trends that mark this new interest, including its interdisciplinary influences and its focus on both cultural and political forms of cosmopolitanism.

Chinese Colonists Assert Their “Common Human Rights”: Cosmopolitanism as Subject and Method of History
Marilyn Lake, 375
This article about claims to “common human rights” made by Chinese colonists in Australia in the nineteenth century argues in favor of cosmopolitanism as both historical practice and subject of historical inquiry. It seeks to challenge the conventional Eurocentric—or North Atlantic—account of the history of human rights by pointing to arguments for racial equality advanced by Chinese political activists who forged an alternative tradition of human rights claims, articulated at the postwar conferences at Versailles in 1919 and Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. By investigating the ways in which Chinese Australians invoked the idea of “cosmopolitan friendship and sympathy” when responding to racial discrimination, we can uncover the multiple histories of cosmopolitanism as well as the advantages of a more cosmopolitan historical method.

UNESCO and the (One) World of Julian Huxley
Glenda Sluga, 393
This article investigates the idea of cosmopolitanism associated with internationalism and the origins of UNESCO at the end of World War II. In the first few years of UNESCO’s operation, delegates and functionaries portrayed “world citizenship” as the path to permanent world peace and as a necessary step in the evolution of human society from tribes to nations, from national consciousness to “one world.” A key figure in that history was Julian Huxley, UNESCO’s first director-general. This article argues that Huxley’s conception of cosmopolitan internationalism provides an important link between the history of postwar international organizations and a long nineteenth-century vision of historical and political progress and of imperial policies and practices.

The Cosmopolitan Life of Alice Erh-Soon Tay
Julia Horne, 419
This article explores the historical questions of gender, secularism, and ethnicity in relation to cosmopolitanism as a political discourse during the Cold War. By examining the early intellectual life of the Singapore-born Alice Erh-Soon Tay, whose citizenship traversed the British Empire, the new Malay state, and then Australia, the article argues that a history of cosmopolitanism must first tackle its own presumptions about the typical “cosmopolitan” as Jewish, male, and European. Focusing on the Cold War, when the language of cosmopolitanism had effectively gone underground, the article also explores how to track the concept of cosmopolitanism without the usual language of “world citizenship.”

East of Enlightenment: Regulating Cosmopolitanism between Istanbul and Paris in the Eighteenth Century
Ian Coller, 447
The Echelles du Levant et de Barbarie were French trading centers across the Ottoman Empire that were granted special trading privileges by the sultan. Naturally, their center was in Istanbul, where hundreds of French merchants carried out a large volume of trade across the Mediterranean. In 1781 those merchants wrote to their government to criticize the tight restrictions placed on their everyday life and trade by a new regime of regulation. Their protest revealed the currency of a new idea of the plastic and adaptable human subject, shaped by the cultural environment rather than by innate qualities: a kind of “cosmopolitan subject” that we may associate with Enlightenment thought. But they employed this conception in order to raise the specter of an “infection” spread by such adaptation, necessitating the exclusion of foreigners, and above all the subjects of the sultan, whether Jewish, Christian, or Muslim, from commercial activity between Istanbul and Marseille. Their protests were ultimately successful in scuttling the French government’s nascent free-trade policies in regard to the Levant. This article suggests that the legislative activity of the French state intersected in particular ways with ideas about cosmopolitanism over the course of the eighteenth century in the reconstruction of the nature of everyday life for the “Franks” of the Echelles. It investigates how these converging processes worked to dismantle the older Levantine or “Eurasian” cosmopolitanism that had been for centuries the basis for coexistence under Ottoman rule.

Jazz and the Evolution of Black American Cosmopolitanism in Interwar Paris
Rachel Gillett, 471
This article shows that African American jazz performers created a cosmopolitan diasporic network through transatlantic touring during the interwar years. Successful black musicians and dancers lived in large international cities, or “cosmopolitan pleasure centers,” to quote singer Florence Mills, and they performed in the international space of the nightclub. Most of them retained a strong sense of identity as black Americans and invoked their international experiences to criticize narrow racial practices in the United States. Collectively, these men and women forged a practice of black American cosmopolitanism that was transmitted back to America by way of the black press. Examining their experiences serves to interrogate and expand the idea of cosmopolitan practice, and understanding their experiences as cosmopolitan explains why the “jazz migration” was an important political and cultural phenomenon for the larger black American community at the time.

BOOK REVIEWS

Robert Ross. Clothing: A Global History. Or, the Imperialists’ New Clothes
reviewed by Giorgio Riello, 497

Nicola Di Cosmo, ed. Military Culture in Imperial China
reviewed by Peter Worthing, 500

Maria Wyke. Caesar: A Life in Western Culture
reviewed by W. Jeffrey Tatum, 503

Amy Singer. Charity in Islamic Societies
reviewed by Elyse Semerdjian, 505

Henry Kamen. Imagining Spain: Historical Myth and National Identity
reviewed by Enrique A. Sanabria, 509

Philip P. Boucher. France and the American Tropics to 1700: Tropics of Discontent?
reviewed by James E. McClellan III, 512

Christopher L. Miller. The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade
reviewed by Jeffrey A. Fortin, 515

Paul R. Hanson. Contesting the French Revolution
reviewed by William S. Cormack, 517

Nick Nesbitt. Universal Emancipation: The Haitian Revolution and the Radical Enlightenment
reviewed by Jenny Shaw, 520

George Athan Billias. American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989: A Global Perspective
reviewed by Carl J. Guarneri, 524

Frederic E. Wakeman Jr. and Lea H. Wakeman. Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays
reviewed by Margaret Kuo, 527

Patty O’Brien. The Pacific Muse: Exotic Femininity and the Colonial Pacific
reviewed by Susan Y. Najita, 531

Lynn H. Gamble. The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting among Complex Hunter-Gatherers
reviewed by Amy V. Margaris, 534

Charles Kurzman. Democracy Denied, 1905–1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy
reviewed by Steven Muhlberger, 537

Christopher Capozzola. Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen
reviewed by Mark E. Grotelueschen, 539

Jonathan Derrick. Africa’s “Agitators”: Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939
reviewed by Emil Nagengast, 542

Paul Froese. The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization
reviewed by Shoshana Keller, 544

Tricia Starks. The Body Soviet: Propaganda, Hygiene, and the Revolutionary State
reviewed by Brian LaPierre, 547

Luis Alvarez. The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II
reviewed by Gigi Peterson, 551

Irene Eber, ed. Voices from Shanghai: Jewish Exiles in Wartime China
reviewed by Carsten Schapkow, 554

Steven Casey. Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion, 1950–1953
reviewed by Tae Yang Kwak, 558

Mark Philip Bradley and Marilyn B. Young, eds. Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives
reviewed by James M. Carter, 561

Samira Haj. Reconfiguring Islamic Tradition: Reform, Rationality, and Modernity
reviewed by John P. Turner, 563

Paul Gootenberg. Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug
reviewed by Monica Rankin, 566

Jeremy Prestholdt. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization
reviewed by Mariam Konate Deme, 569